The learning process follows a progression that takes us from being completely unaware of our lack of knowledge to effortlessly applying a skill. For example, as young children, we may not recognize that the symbols on a page form words that tell a story. However, as proficient readers, we process text automatically, without conscious effort.

Understanding the Learning Stages

Recognizing that we lack a particular skill is only the beginning. The Four Stages of Learning framework outlines the journey we take before a skill becomes second nature.

Stage One: Unconscious Incompetence

At this stage, we are unaware of what we don’t know. For instance, a manager might not realize that there are alternative approaches to leadership and instead assume the issue lies with their team. Since we are oblivious to our lack of skill, we have no motivation to improve—yet.

Stage Two: Conscious Incompetence

This stage begins when we recognize our deficiency in a skill. Awareness brings the desire to learn. For example, a child watching another ride a bicycle may suddenly realize that cycling is possible but doesn’t yet know how to do it themselves. This awareness acts as a catalyst for growth.

Stage Three: Conscious Competence

At this point, we begin practicing the new skill, but it requires significant effort and feels unnatural. Whether learning a new way to communicate, delegate, or ride a bike, this stage often feels frustrating. Many people revert to their old habits at this point because they feel more comfortable.

Stage Four: Unconscious Competence

Through persistence, the skill eventually becomes second nature. At this stage, we use it effortlessly, without overthinking. However, because the process feels automatic, explaining it to someone else can be challenging. To teach others, we often need to revisit earlier stages of learning.

Understanding these stages can help us push through discomfort and continue developing our skills until they become second nature.