Cause and Effect – Understanding How We Perceive the World

Cause-and-effect statements reflect how we believe things work, often assuming that one action directly leads to a specific outcome. However, just because we accept a cause-and-effect relationship as true doesn’t mean it actually is. Examining these assumptions can help us uncover new perspectives and alternative solutions. Common Cause-and-Effect Patterns A…
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Lost Performatives – Disguised Personal Beliefs

Lost performatives occur when a personal belief is presented as an absolute truth. When statements are framed this way, we often accept them without questioning their validity, unlike when they are expressed as personal opinions. This is common with clichés and widely accepted sayings—ideas that seem universally true but whose…
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Universal Quantifiers – A Meta Model Generalization

Universal quantifiers are words that imply absolute certainty, suggesting there are no exceptions and, therefore, no choices. In some cases, this can be empowering—such as believing that perseverance always leads to success. However, more often than not, this pattern of thinking creates unnecessary limitations. When we assume a situation is…
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Modal Operators – A Meta Model Generalization

The term modal operators refers to the way we approach actions and decisions—our mode of operating. These include words like must, should, can’t, have to, mustn’t, can, and will, which indicate either necessity or possibility. There’s a significant difference between doing something because you feel obligated versus doing it because…
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Complex Equivalences – A Meta Model Generalization

Complex equivalences occur when we form beliefs based on generalizations, equating two separate experiences as if they are inherently connected. For example, assuming that someone avoiding eye contact means they are being dishonest. These links are often weak and can lead to misunderstandings. Recognizing the connections we’ve unconsciously made can…
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Unspecified Nouns – Identifying Who or What

Unspecified nouns refer to people or things in a vague way, making it unclear exactly who or what is being discussed. In NLP, this is known as a lack of referential index—a fancy way of saying that we don’t know the specific subject being referred to. When nouns are left…
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Unspecified Verbs – Clarifying the Action

Unspecified verbs are action words that lack enough detail to fully explain what is happening. When a verb is vague, people tend to interpret it based on their own experiences—this is known as mind reading. To test whether a verb is unspecified, try visualizing the action. If you can clearly…
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Simple Deletions – Missing Information

Simple deletions occur when key details are left out of a sentence, making the meaning unclear. These deletions often appear in statements using words like it or that, as well as in requests lacking specific descriptors. For example, “Please give me the report”—without additional context, it’s unclear which report is…
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Comparative Deletions – Missing the Standard

Comparative deletions occur when a comparison is made without specifying what it’s being compared to. These vague comparisons create a sense of judgment or improvement, but the actual standard remains unclear. Accepting such comparisons without questioning them can lead to confusion and self-doubt. Many issues related to self-esteem arise from…
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